NASA's Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 have each stopped functioning, but they also are coasting into interstellar house as ghost ships. Pioneer 10 is heading towards the red star Aldebaran within the constellation Taurus. Pioneer 11 is traveling toward the center of the galaxy within the path of Sagittarius. Uploaded human minds or AI could…
Cracking longitude was not only important for the protection of navigators, but vital for the event of sea-borne trade. In 1567, Philip II of Spain provided a prize to any one that could provide an answer to the problem. This was followed in 1598 by an identical challenge from Philip III, to whom Galileo wrote,…